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TRANSFORMATION EFFECTS OF BASIC-MOTOR ABILITIES OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS 12 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE

Alen Kapidžić1, Harun Ismaili2, Jasmin Bilalić1, Dragoljub Bekvalac3
   1Faculty of Physical Education and Sport – University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
2Faculty of Physical Education  – University of Tetovo, Macedonia
3Novi Sad, Serbia   

 

Abstract
The main purpose of the research is to determine whether the working program containing large number of specific exercises will contribute to higher dynamic growth among the experimental group participants comparing to the control group participants according to the variables for evaluation of basic-motor abilities. In order to evaluate basic-motor abilities of testing candidates a battery with 15 measuring instruments was used.  The research testing group is consisted of 78 football players 12 to 14 years of age, members of soccer schools in football clubs “SLOBODA”, “TUZLA” and  “KLUB – 7” all from Tuzla. Attendees of all three soccer schools are members of pioneer competition selection within the football clubs they belong to. In order to reach purpose of the research, certain mathematical-statistical procedure has been used. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used in order to determine the effects, i.e. whether the experimental group expressed statistically significant effects after the program had been implemented comparing to the control group. Based on the results reached by Multivariate analysis of covariance, it has been determined that the experimental group achieved higher dynamic growth in four out of fifteen variables for evaluation of basic-motor abilities, including: MBFTAR – hand tapping,  MFLBOS – side splits, MAGTUP – zig-zag test (running in the rectangular), MBAP2Z – both legs stand transversally on the bench with eyes closed. We have to emphasize that the working program containing both specific and acyclic exercises lead to statistically significant effects in the above mentioned variables. These data can contribute to more efficient selection of training means which would be applied in the work with football players of younger age groups.

Key words: top fit soccer training program, multivariate analysis of covariance

INTRODUCTION

 From the aspect of its structure, football is a very complex sport activity in which quality of the game depends on a number of factors which significantly contribute to the success of a football game. One training period represents a transformation process, and the purpose of this process is to reach optimum effects for the shortest period of time possible. With the purpose of successful management of sport training process, it is very important to choose adequate training means and to apply those means in a proper manner and at a proper difficulty level. Technical preparation of football players is the main precondition for efficient motion performance. More precisely, technical preparation enables that motor potential of a soccer player reaches its maximum. We have to stress that further progress in terms of technical improvement of a soccer player is not possible without parallel work on development and maintenance of those motor abilities which are vital for the game of football (Smajić, M., Molnar, S., 2007).

All this requires precise programming based on individual needs of athletes, as well as controlling working effects and potential corrections based on gained data. Scientific contribution of this research is reflected exactly in solving the problem of adequate selection of training programs which were applied in the training process of football players12 to 14 years of age. Quarterly working program made for the purpose of this research (Ismaili, H. 2010), indicates that by making a more precise selection of training program one can expect faster and better quality changes in basic-motor abilities of young football players.

The reason we decided to do this research is the fact that achieving good results in football depends exactly on certain basic-motor abilities (Molnar, S. 2003). Moreover, it is exactly in this age of football players (12-14) that such progress is possible and indicators of future achievements can be defined.
The program we used for work with this experimental group (Ismaili, H. 2010) mostly contains specific exercises, so we wanted to see what influence specific training exercises have on transformation of basic-motor abilities. Problem of this research is reflected in determining which of the two groups (experimental and control) has higher dynamic growth according to applied variables for assessment of basic-motor abilities after the experimental work program had been implemented. The object of this research is motor abilities of football players 12 to 14 years of age, and the purpose of this research is gaining data on how much and whether at all specific training exercises affect development of basic-motor abilities of young age football players.

METHODS

Participants
The research testing group consisted of 78 football players 12 to 14 years of age, members of football schools in football clubs FK “SLOBODA”, NK “TUZLA” and NK “KLUB – 7” all from Tuzla. Attendees of all three football schools are members of pioneer competition selection within the football clubs they belong to. All testing candidates underwent a systematic medical examination which is a standard procedure. Therefore, all the testing candidates are healthy and with no visible aberrations that might affect testing results in the research. The average age of testing candidates is 13±1. The main criterion for entering experimental group was that the testing candidates had not changed the soccer club they belonged to for the last year.  The testing candidates were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 39 testing candidates who formed control group, while the second group of 39 testing candidates represented experimental group.

Instruments
For evaluation of basic-motor abilities of testing groups, a battery of 15 measuring instruments was used (Kurelić, N. i sar. 1975). Selected variables cover the following segments of basic-motor abilities: segmentary speed, flexibility, agility, explosive force and balance.

The following tests were used for evaluation of segmentary speed: MBFTAR – hand tapping, MBFTAN – leg tapping and MBFTNZ – leg tapping against wall. Tests used for evaluation of flexibility are: MFLBOS – side splits, MFLPRK – touch-toe on the bench and MFLISK – body twist with rod. For evaluation of agility the following tests were used: MKOKUS – long steps aside, MKOONT – agility on the ground and MAGTUP – zig-zag test. For assessment of explosive force the following tests were used: MESSDM – standing long jump, MESTRO – standing triple jump and MES20V – running 20 m (sprint). Tests are applied for assessment of balance are: MBAU2O – standing on both legs on a balance bench line with eyes open, MBAU2Z – standing on both legs on a balance bench line with eyes closed and MBAP2Z – standing transversally on both legs on a balance bench with eyes closed.
We have to note that the testing of basic – motor abilities was performed in the afternoon hours, in the sports gym of the Faculty for Physical Education and Sport in Tuzla, and both groups were tested in the same period of time. Before the testing, testing candidates had a 10-minute warm-up exercise with coaches from the above mentioned football clubs. In this way we tried to give the same treatment to all testing candidates, so that we get as accurate testing results as possible.

For the purpose of this research, and in accordance with the research aim, multivariate analysis of covariance was used. Based on the results reached upon multivariate analysis of covariance it will be possible to determine whether there were any transformation effects after the testing program had been implemented.

Experimental program
As already noted, working program for this research includes training exercises for optimal improvement and development of young football players The program contained elements of „Football Aerobics”, “Top fit” program and “Training of champions” which is something new in the football practice. Both groups of testing candidates had the same number of training sessions during one week, i.e. both groups trained three times a week and had the same number of football games in a three-month period.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the gained data, we can see from Table 1 that on a global level there are statistically significant differences between experimental and control group, which is .01 level of significance.

Table 1

 

Based on the gained data we can see from Table 2 which of the applied basic-motor variables contributed the most to the determined difference in statistical significance on a global level. It is clearly evident that the following variables contributed the most to the reached results: MBFTAR – hand tapping, on the significance level (.05), MFLBOS – side splits, on the significance level (.01), MAGTUP – zig-zag test, on the significance level (.01), MBAU2O - standing on both legs on a balance bench line with eyes open, on the significance level (.05) and variable MBAP2Z - standing transversally on both legs on the balance bench with eyes closed, on the significance level (.01).

Table 2

 

Tables 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b present the values of arithmetic means on the initial and final measuring of the applied variables for assessment of basic-motor abilities of football players. Based on these indicators, it is clearly evident whether the values of arithmetic means are higher or lower for experimental or control group. By comparing arithmetic means on the initial and final measuring, and with the results from tables 5a and 5b, one can get a more precise insight on which group progressed more in the variables contributing to the determined global difference.

Table 3a: Values of arithmetic means for both groups on the initial measuring

 

Table 3b

 

Table 4a: Values of arithmetic means for both groups on the final measuring

 

Table 4b

 

 

Tables 5a and 5b show corrected arithmetic means indicating which of the two groups has a higher dynamic growth according to the analyzed variables. Based on the gained data it is evident that testing candidates of the experimental group (group 2) achieved higher dynamic growth upon completion of the working program. The experimental group achieved higher dynamic growth in the following variables: MBFTAR – hand tapping, MFLBOS – side splits, MAGTUP – zig –zag test and MBAP2Z – both legs stand transversally on the bench with eyes closed. Testing candidates of the controlled group (group 1) achieved higher dynamic growth in only one variable, MBAU2O – both legs stand on the bench line with eyes open.

Therefore we can conclude that the applied working program, which contained mostly specific training exercises, lead to statistically significant shifts in the mentioned variables for assessment of basic-motor abilities.

Looking at the segmentary speed and explosive force, we have to emphasize that these two abilities cannot be analyzed separately (Čoh, M. 2003), and we hold that these categories have the biggest influence on solving agility tasks. Furthermore, it is exactly agility that is crucial for solving situational – motor tasks. Further research in this field actually aimed at the possibility that testing candidates of this age solve all tasks based on explosive force, speed and segmentary speed (Eduardo Dominguez Lago, Luis Casais Martinez and Carlos Lago 2007).

Realization of training tasks within the working program requires coordinated work of arms and legs, as well as fast direction changes in moving with a ball. We believe that this fact is one of the reasons why statistically significant improvement was achieved in the variable MAGTUP – zig – zag test (running in a rectangle).
What is interesting, and can be noted from Tables 5a and 5b, is the results of balance variables where one can see that the first group made more progress in the variable MBAU2O – both legs stand on the balance bench line with eyes open, while the second group progressed more in the variable MBAP2Z – both legs stand transversally on the bench with eyes closed. Such outcome resulted from the selection of training exercises aimed exactly at development of balance. Balance condition and correcting of balance condition are of course extremely important for optimal and efficient solving of tasks set by the selection of training exercises. With regards to that, one can conclude that specific exercises have a very significant influence on raising the level of basic-motor abilities of football players (Young, W., Farrow, D. 2006).

Table 5a: Values of corrected arithmetic means

 

Table 5b

 

CONCLUSION AND APPLICABILITY IN PRACTICE

Based on the research data, it can be concluded that the testing candidates from the experimental group, for which the three-month working program was designed, progressed more in certain variables for evaluation of basic-motor abilities than the testing candidates from the control group who worked in accordance with already existing football school program. The applied experimental program contributed the most to the development of those motor abilities that probably significantly affect the level of technical preparation. However, we have to emphasize that further increase of technical preparation level is impossible without parallel work on development of basic-motor abilities. We hold that the results of this research can contribute to safer and more efficient planning and programming of training work with footballers of young age, so we will list some of proposals that we believe can improve training process:

CONCLUSION AND APPLICABILITY IN PRACTICE

Based on the research data, it can be concluded that the testing candidates from the experimental group, for which the three-month working program was designed, progressed more in certain variables for evaluation of basic-motor abilities than the testing candidates from the control group who worked in accordance with already existing football school program. The applied experimental program contributed the most to the development of those motor abilities that probably significantly affect the level of technical preparation. However, we have to emphasize that further increase of technical preparation level is impossible without parallel work on development of basic-motor abilities. We hold that the results of this research can contribute to safer and more efficient planning and programming of training work with footballers of young age, so we will list some of proposals that we believe can improve training process:

1. The designed program contains acyclic exercises which positively affect development of cognitive abilities, and also result in development of specific coordination of young footballers. That is exactly what the results of this research have indicated, because statistically significant progress was achieved in the variable MAGTUP – zig-zag test. This test can be considered specific for footballers because in its structure there are certain models of moving that require changes in moving direction. In addition, in other agility tests statistically significant progress was not achieved, and we know that coordination does not have a big influence on solving specific tasks, since it only starts to develop at the age of 16 with the culmination point at the age of 25.

REFERENCE

1. Čoh, M. (2003). Razvoj brzine u kondicijskoj pripremi sportaša. [Development of speed in the fitness preparedness of athlete]. International Science Professional Meeting KONDICIJSKA PRIPREMA SPORTAŠA (Conditional Preparation of Athletes). Zagreb
2. Eduardo Dominguez Lago , Luis Casais Martinez and Carlos Lago (2007). Anthropometric parameters and manifestations of strength and speed in soccer players in ages of formation.  Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 6, 154 – 165.
3. Ismaili, H. (2010).Transformacioni efekti bazično-motoričkih i situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti kod nogometaša uzrasta 12 – 14 godina. [Transformational effects of basic-motor and situational-motoric abilities of football players aged 12-14 years ]. Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tuzla.
4. Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm, J., Radojević, Đ., Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine. [The structure and development of morphological and motor dimensions of youth]. Belegrade: Institute for Scientific Research of the Faculty of Physical Education
5. Molnar, S. (2003). Relacije specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti, morfoloških karakteristika i bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti dječaka u fudbalskoj školi. [Relation of specific motor abilities, morphological characteristics and basic motor skills of boys in soccer school]. Doctoral dissertation. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Physical Education
6. Smajić, M., Molnar, S. (2007). Relations of Basic-Motoric Abilities and Specific Preciseness of Football Players of 10-12 Age. Journal for Sport, Physical Education and Health SPORT MONT, number 12, 13, 14 /5, pg. 87-95. Podgorica.
7. Young, W., Farrow, D. (2006). A review of afility: practical application for strenght and conditioning. Strenght and Conditioning Journal, 28(5): 24-29.

TRANSFORMACIONI EFEKTI BAZIČNO – MOTORIČKIH SPOSOBNOSTI NOGOMETAŠA UZRASTA 12-14 GODINA

Sažetak

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja jeste da se utvrdi hoće li program rada, u kjem je sadržan veliki broj vježbi specifičnog karakltera, doprinjeti da ispitanici ekpsrimentalne grupe ostvare veći dinamički prirast u varijablama za procjenu bazično-motoričkih sposobnosti od ispitanika kontrolne grupe. Za procjenu bazično-motoričkih sposobnosti ispitanika korištena je baterija od 15 mjernih instrumenata. Uzorak ispitanika u ovom istraživanju predstavlja 78 nogometaša uzrasta 12 – 14 godina, polaznika škole nogometa u klubovima  FK ''Sloboda'', NK ''Tuzla'' i NK ''KLUB-7'' koji su sa sjedištem u Tuzli. Polaznici sve tri nogometne škole su članovi pionirske takmičarske selekcije u pomenutim nogometnim klubovima.  Da bi se rasvijetlio cilj ovog istraživanja korištena je određena matematičko-statistička procedura. Multivarijanta analiza kovarijanse korištena je u svrhu utvrđivanja efekata, tj. da li je kod eksprimentalne grupe došlo do statistički značajnih efekata nakon provednog programa u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Na sonovu dobijenih rezultata Multivarijantne analize kovarijase došlo se do pokazatelja da je od petnaest varijabli za procjenu bazično – motoričkih sposobnosti ekpsrimentalna grupa veći dinamički prirast ostvarila u četiri varijable: MBFTAR – taping rukom, MFLBOS – bočna špaga, MAGTUP – trčanje u pravokutniku i MBAP2Z - stajanje  na dvije noge poprečno na klupici za ravnotežu sa zatvorenim očima.Moramo naglasiti da je program rada koji je sadržavo vježebe specifičnog karaktera kao i vježbe acikličnog tipa doveo do statistički značajnih efekata kod gore vadenih varijabli. Ove informacije mogu doprinjeti efikasnijem odabiru trenažnih sredstava koja bi se primjenjivala u radu sa mladim nogometašima.
Ključne riječi: top fit trening nogometaša, multivarijatna analiza kovarijanse

Correspondence to:
Alen Kapidžić, PhD
Faculty of physical education and sport,
Tuzla University
2. oktobra 1,
75000 Tuzla,
Phone: 00387 35 278 536
E-mail: alen.kapidzic@untz.ba